The Education Gadfly Weekly

Anyone who has spent serious time within the U.S. public education system would likely agree that there are too many chefs in the school governance kitchen. Not only that, some of them are terrible cooks. Which means that great governance is scarce, consensus is hard to achieve, and significant change is rare. Yet our education governance system, lamented and disparaged as it often is, is one of the least understood aspects of American K–12 schooling.  So while it’s easy to agree that “bad” governance gets in the way of doing what’s best for kids, it’s harder to pinpoint just what exactly is so dysfunctional when it comes to running schools. 

To shine a flashlight into this murk, we must first define the governance “system” that we’re talking about. Who exactly makes which kinds of education decisions? State or local? Who has the power? Is that power dispersed or centralized? To what degree can the wider public—not just insiders—participate in policymaking? These are some of the gnarly questions that characterize governance; but because they’re also humdrum and wonky, not many people bother trying to ask them.

Some of this apathy (or is it despair?) arises from the reality that the structures, rules, and institutions of American public education are indeed cumbersome and difficult to change. Issues like whether the state, district, or building leader decides how to dismiss an ineffective teacher often fall under the purview of the state constitution or education code. Ditto for how the state superintendent is selected. Even seemingly small matters, like altering when the local school board holds elections, can prove impervious to change.

Yet all is not lost. Fissures can be seen in the governance glacier. We’ve seen “cage-busting” leaders who know how to work in or around the system so that it functions better for kids (think of Paul Pastorek, Howard Fuller, Mike Feinberg, Wendy Kopp, Chris Barbic, Deborah Gist, Joel Klein, and others). We’ve even seen the structure itself remodeled in places that have shifted from uniformity to “portfolio” models, switched from board to mayoral control, created charter schools and statewide recovery districts, and handed school leaders more power while awarding “central offices” less.

So how to make sense out of a system with some cords that are binding and others that show some stretch? We turned to the University of Oregon’s Joanna Smith, who had previously co-authored a nifty study on education governance in California. Dr. Smith, aided by several talented graduate students, agreed to conduct a new study with two of Fordham’s own best analysts, Dara Zeehandelaar and David Griffith. The result is Schools of Thought: A Taxonomy of American Education Governance, released today.

Our dream team categorized state-level governance systems around three broad questions:

1. How much education decision-making authority lies at the state versus the local level? Do state-level institutions control decisions related to school takeovers, teacher evaluations, textbook adoption, and taxation or are these things mostly decided locally?
2. Is education decision-making distributed among many institutions or consolidated in a few?  Does a single state board have authority over issues like higher education and teacher credentialing, or are these handled by separate bodies?
3. To what degree can the public participate in the policymaking process? Are leaders elected or appointed, and by what means?

Answers to these questions yielded both big-picture findings and tantalizing factoids (at least in the eyes of us governance geeks). 

Betcha didn’t know that (aside from Hawaii, with its single school district), North Carolina concentrates by far the most authority at the state level. Tar Heel state officials have the power to determine district boundaries and tax rates, mandate which textbooks may be used in classrooms, take over low-performing schools and districts, authorize new charter schools, and require that districts evaluate teachers annually, using a state-prescribed evaluation instrument. At the other end of the spectrum is Wyoming, which leaves most of this authority to its local districts.

We also learn that Florida has the most “consolidated” governance system, with authority overwhelmingly vested in a single state board and with a small number of very large school districts. Its foil is Alaska: The Last Frontier has the most distributed system of governance, with authority over higher education, CTE, and adult basic education parceled out to the Board of Regents, the Commission on Postsecondary Education, and the Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Additionally, it operates fifty-five districts to serve 131,000 students.

But we mainly hunted for similarities, not contrasts. To that end, the analysts fit similar states into eight categories—a taxonomy, if you will—based on their common characteristics. We named those categories after an octet of history’s most illustrious political thinkers and statesmen, people who have wrestled with governance questions over the centuries and whose central beliefs can be distinguished from one another: Jefferson, Hamilton, Lincoln, Locke, Burke, Madison, Andrew Jackson, and Plato.

Just as Jefferson distrusted the wisdom of a ruling class, the ten Jeffersonian states (including Alaska, Arizona, and California) vest much authority at the local level, distribute decision making among multiple institutions, and favor democratic participation. By contrast, the seven Hamiltonian states (including Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware) feature governance systems that vest greater authority in the state than in local agencies, consolidate decision making within a small number of institutions, and limit public participation—consistent with the thinking of their namesake, who believed in a forceful, proactive central government. The Lincolnian states (Michigan, Nevada, and Tennessee among them) concentrate authority at the state level and within few institutions, yet also encourage public participation. In this, they mirror the preferences of our sixteenth president, who supported a strong central government that was also accountable to public opinion. (See the full report for more on the taxonomy.)

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Burke remarked in 1792 that “the several species of government vie with each other in the absurdity of their constitutions, and the oppression which they make their subjects endure.” Those desiring to undo the absurdities of American public education governance are wise to begin with a clearer understanding not only of the arrangements they’re presently working within, but also of the remarkably different circumstances that have arisen in other jurisdictions. Our new report supplies such understanding.

Education policy is rarely a top issue in presidential campaigns. In the main, that's fine; most of the action takes place at the state and local levels. Still, last week's education policy summit hosted in New Hampshire by the education news website the Seventy Four and the American Federation for Children gave six of the seventy GOP presidential contenders the chance to burnish their K–12 credentials. (A second summit featuring Democratic candidates is slated for October in Iowa.)

To help the candidates hone their stump speeches, those of us at the Fordham Institute spent some time recently brainstorming campaign themes we'd like to see candidates from either party embrace. Here's what we came up with:

Education reform is working. It's by no means unanimous or uncontroversial, but Americans are generally supportive of the education reform agenda, broadly defined. An Education Next poll released last week shows solid (if softening) support for reform staples like charter schools, testing and accountability, merit pay for teachers, and tax credits to fund scholarships for low-income children. Voters even like higher standards—as long as you don't use the words "Common Core." And while there's no room for complacency, reform is working: Test scores are trending up, particularly in math. Graduation rates are too, especially for low-income kids of color.

Most likely to adopt this in her stump speech: Hillary Clinton. She has vocally supported charter schools since her husband's presidency. Democrats at the national level—including her former boss, President Obama—have largely supported the reform agenda for decades. By the time the general election rolls around, Clinton will want to remind centrist voters of her reform bona fides.

College isn't the only ticket to upward mobility. One of the great overreaches of the reform era is the "college-for-all" mantra that so many have preached for years. In the documentary Waiting for Superman, journalist Jonathan Alter memorably observed, "If you don't go to college, you're kinda screwed in America. And America's kinda screwed." This take is, well, screwy. Yes, there's a substantial wage premium associated with earning a college degree. But if the goal is upward mobility—and it should be—college is not the only route to the middle class. Many forms of postsecondary training and education are closely associated with higher wages, not just four-year college degrees.

Most likely to adopt this in his stump speech: John Kasich. The Ohio governor can brag about beefing up career and technical education during his tenure, including initiating such options in middle schools and allowing students to gain industry credentials while still in high school.

School choice is growing—and changing lives. Charter schools now educate nearly three million American children, with hundreds of thousands more on waiting lists. The Education Next poll shows support for charter schools slipping from a high of 54 percent last year to 51 percent now, but that's still nearly double the number of those who oppose them (27 percent). The reform rhetoric of rescuing low-income kids stuck in failing schools has clearly made an impact. Wonks debate whether choice "works" to spur improved outcomes, but parents seem to value choice as an end in itself.

Most likely to adopt this in his stump speech: Jeb Bush. He already claims to have created the country's most ambitious school choice programs as Florida's governor. "This is America," he said of school choice at Wednesday's education summit. "Why wouldn't we think we could apply the same commonsense principles in everyday life and apply it to education?"

America's best and brightest need attention, too. When I taught fifth grade at low-performing public school in the South Bronx, I lamented one day to an assistant principal that the kids in my class who were at or above grade level were getting none of my attention. "Those kids aren't your problem," she replied tartly. The lesson stuck, and it stung: Most of our efforts in education today are aimed at getting stragglers to the starting line. Those already there are too often starved for attention. In a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed, my colleagues Chester Finn and Brandon Wright put it well: "If we cannot bring ourselves to push smart kids as far as they can go, we will watch and eventually weep as other countries surpass us in producing tomorrow's inventors, entrepreneurs, artists, and scientists."

Most likely to adopt this in his stump speech: Ben Carson. If a poor kid who grew up to become a brain surgeon can't get America excited about gifted education, who can?

School discipline is under attack. Ask a teacher, "What's the biggest factor holding back student achievement in your school?" Don't be surprised if many, and perhaps even most, cite disruptive student behavior. Unfortunately, black students are three times more likely than white students to be suspended from school. That's led the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to demand racial parity in rates of punishment. The numbers don't lie, but this is a devilishly hard issue to manage successfully from thirty-five thousand feet. Schools need to be deeply reflective about discipline. But it's hard to imagine much good coming from schools becoming afraid to maintain basic order for fear of running afoul of the feds. Moreover, the Education Next poll asked the public about "disparate impact" in discipline too. Teachers hate it.

Most likely to adopt this in his stump speech: Scott Walker. The Wisconsin governor has tried to explain away his flip-flopping on Common Core as protecting local control of schools. Arguing that Common Core is federal overreach is a thin reed. This is a flaming arrow.

Bring back civic education. It's a pretty safe bet that Horace Mann, the father of public education, went to his grave never once having uttered the phrase "college- and career-ready." We've become used to thinking of education as almost entirely a private good. But there's an essential public dimension to education that has largely gone missing in the education reform era: preparation for informed participation in our democracy. Along with college and career, it's time to restore a third C as a coequal goal of education: citizenship.

Most likely to adopt this in her stump speech: Carly Fiorina. “We are no longer educating citizens," she said at Wednesday's education summit. "I think it's a good idea if everyone has to take a citizenship test.”

Editor's note: This post originally appeared in a slightly different form at U.S. News & World Report.

• As traditionalist gift givers are no doubt aware, the tenth anniversary metal is tin. Last week, with a slew of ten-year retrospectives and events commemorating the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe, a longtime reform critic traded in her responsible commentator’s hat for one of those nifty ones made from tin foil. Business journalist Andrea Gabor, who has spent years grinding an axe against school choice and high standards, attempted to bury it in the back of the New York Times with a breathless op-ed decrying the “myth” of the post-hurricane New Orleans schools revival. The Seventy Four quickly published a rebuttal of the simple factual inaccuracies in Gabor’s piece, and reform-friendly superintendent John White wrote a paean to the city’s charter district and the educators who work there. But the best response has come from liberal pundit Jonathan Chait, who defended high-achieving charters as “one of the most impressive triumphs of American social policy.” New Orleans still hasn’t completely turned around a school system that was irrevocably broken even before the storm. But after a decade of progress, it’s attracted allies from across the spectrum, and that’s something to celebrate.
• Franz Kafka is most famous for writing about supernaturally bureaucratic court systems and men mysteriously turning into cockroaches. But if he were alive today, the Gadfly is confident that he would reject stories from the New York City Department of Education HR department as way too far-fetched to base a story around. Earlier this week, the New York Post reported that English teacher Edward Morrissey spent a gobsmacking four years in the infamous “rubber room” while a hearing officer processed the verdict from his disciplinary case. Morrissey, who had been accused of striking one of his students back in the first year of the Obama presidency, was found guilty and terminated. So who’s the Josef K. in this scenario—the teacher, who spent four years in professional purgatory? The child he allegedly assaulted, who waited even longer than that for a simple complaint to result in an administrative decision? Or the sucker taxpayers who wrote the check for this nonsense?
• Ah, the hunger strike: Perhaps the most effective organizing tool for the twin goals of spurring social reform and building the ultimate revenge body. Popularized by moral leaders like Gandhi and Cesar Chavez—and, what the heck, IRA prisoners—the tactic has now been adopted by a group of Chicago parents who hope to transform their local school. The Coalition to Revitalize Dyett High School has now entered the second week of a headline-grabbing demonstration that has attracted the support of both AFT chief Randi Weingarten and Jesse Jackson, a person who was reportedly famous at one time. First formed to prevent the closure of its namesake (which graduated a class of thirteen seniors in June), the organization now hopes to spearhead its revival as a leadership and technology academy. Civic engagement in local schooling is certainly to be applauded, but these parents might consider pursuing their agenda through more conventional means. They could even bring snacks.

Education on the campaign trail, an appetite for gifted schooling, racial opinion gaps on testing, and how teacher expectations vary by race.

Amber's Research Minute

SOURCE: Seth Gershenson, Stephen B. Holt, and Nicholas Papageorge, "Who Believes in Me? The Effect of Student-Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations," Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Working Paper 231 (July 2015).

Transcript

Mike:              Hello this is your host Mike Petrilli of the Thomas B. Fordham Institute here at The Education Gadfly Show and online at edexcellence.net. Now please join me in welcoming my co-host the Jim Harbaugh of education reform, Brandon Wright.

Brandon:        Man, those are big shoes.

Mike:              Hey man, we have high expectations here and it gives us an excuse for us to say, "Go Blue."

Brandon:        Yes.

Mike:              Because Brandon and I both had graduated from the best university in the country, the University of Michigan, whose football program at least is about to make a great comeback.

Brandon:        Yes, they are. They're going to improve and go back to their story, the story of achievement.

Mike:              Everyone knows that I'm a big believer in looking at growth and not just proficiency, at the very least we do expect to see growth this season. We're not sure if we're going to get all the way to the high achievement in Harbaugh's first season but watch out baby, we're coming. We're back.

Brandon:        Soon enough. Soon enough.

Mike:              We are back. It is football season again. It's back to school season. The newspapers and the internets are jam-packed with all kinds of education happenings and we will try to talk about some of the more interesting ones. Let's go ahead and let's play Pardon the Gadfly. Clara, get us started.

Clara:              Did the 74 million at summit make clear which of the six teams the presidential candidates are going to champion on the campaign trail?

Mike:              First of all, let's be clear, 74 million and also the American ... What is it?

Brandon:        American Federation for Children.

Mike:              American Federation for Children, that's right.

Brandon:        I think of "of" but it's for.

Mike:              For Children, that was the other sponsor. What an amazing day, big credit to those two groups for getting these candidates to show up and talk about education for 45 minutes each. I don't know that anybody's gotten to do that on any topic and it was a lot of fun and very interesting.

                        Well, Brandon look, they all talked a whole lot about school choice. That's not a surprise given that these were Republicans, given the hosts. They also talked a lot about evolving federal control and education back to the states and to local control, again not a big surprise.

Brandon:        No.

Mike:              But what else? I guess the question is are ... Those two teams certainly worked with the Republican primary electorate, I'm not so sure that they're going to be enough for a general election.

Brandon:        A few of them talked about how they should use, how the president should use his or her influence which falls in line with their local control, but that the president should have his or her policy set and try to influence states to follow those. I think if they communicated in that way then that will be effective.

Mike:              That's right. That is what Republicans can say, is they can say, "We're going to use our bully pulpit” and they can talk about education reforms they support without necessarily getting nailed down and what exactly they would do as president to promote them. For example on school choice, Jeb Bush did get wonky and talked to some about Title 1 Portability as something that he would try to do as President, but most of them just talked about how they love charter schools and they love voucher programs and I think that's fine.

                        We put out something last week, our six education themes for 2016 and we heard some of them mentioned by the candidates. Again, certainly we had one on school choice, that one was mentioned quite a bit and very excited that Carly Fiorina went on a long rant about civics education and how we are ignoring the civic mission of public schools. That's one of our themes as well. That's right we've got a clip of that up on our website. Bobby Jindal made a brief reference to school discipline and that's something that we think is an obvious item for these guys to be talking about, especially the Obama administration's war on school discipline, as I would call it.

                        Upward mobility and other important themes, we certainly heard Jeb Bush talked about that. We've heard John Kasich talked about, in particular career in technical education as a means to upward mobility. Marco Rubio is very strong in that as well but that still leaves at least one item, one or two items off the list. One was just making the overall point that education reform is working. I'd like to hear that more from the governors. The other one a good segue to our next topic, gifted education. None of them talked about the needs of high-achieving kids.

Brandon:        Really haven't in the recent past if ever.

Mike:              If ever, with that segue, Clara topic number two.

Clara:              Brandon, your recent Wall Street Journal op-ed with Chester Finn on the Failure of American Gifted Education received a lot of attention. Do you think there's an unquenched appetite for this argument?

Mike:              Are we calling him Chester all of a sudden now? Checker, baby! Checker! Just teasing. Yes, Brandon congrats the Wall Street Journal op-ed last week. You and Checker.

Brandon:        Thank you. Super exciting, really, really crazy.

Mike:              You got to go on wallstreetjournal.com and do a video, a show with them as well.

Brandon:        Scary but fun.

Mike:              This article is getting a huge amount of coverage. You are one of the most popular articles on the Wall Street Journal site, tons of shares on Facebook and Twitter, what is this? Have you tapped a nerve here? If so, why aren't the presidential contenders trying to tap the same nerve about the needs of high-achieving kids?

Brandon:        I think it did. When you look at our article compared to other op-eds that came out around the same time we got the most coverage it seemed, the most shares, the most comments. We also had an NPR write-up and interview that Anya Kamenetz, I'm probably saying that name wrong, she interviewed Dr. Finn there and that got way more comments than her articles in the last couple of months. People talk about it a lot. I'm actually a little surprised but it makes sense if you think about it. There really isn't any reason to not do this. As we've talked about in our book, there are essentially two good reasons for educating these kids, one is that it's better for our country, our economy, and then the other one is that it's just fair.

Mike:              Right.

Brandon:        Especially for kids who already have it tough.

Mike:              Nobody should have to go to school and not learn anything because they are told, "Well, you'll do fine regardless. We're going to focus on these other kids who need more help." Now look, the cynic is going to say, "Well, of course these Wall Street Journal readers care about this. They all believe, you know these rich people reading the Wall Street Journal, rich and white, they all believe that their own kids are gifted and talented."

Brandon:        We are though.

Mike:              The same thing that they're liberal but they also think that their kids ... These tend to be people who are very well-educated and they probably do have quite a few kids who are gifted and talented, and by the way, who are being poorly served by many of our schools. You have tapped into a network, an organized network of people out there who worry about the education for their own kids and are excited when somebody else is paying attention.

Brandon:        Sure.

Mike:              But look, as you say in the book and as some of these articles get at, the kids who are most overlooked are not the wealthy high achievers, though they certainly I think could be much better served by our education system but it's the low income high achievers.

Brandon:        Quite by far.

Mike:              These are the kids who go to school by and large in high poverty schools, the schools that are most at risk of getting an F in a state ranking. They get those F's mostly because their peers are not meeting the proficiency levels on state tests. The educators in those schools understandably feel like, "Hey, we got to put all our effort on the kids below proficiency and the kids who are struggling." That means the kids who are gifted or high-achieving, however you want to say it, in those high poverty schools get very little attention. If they were sitting in a leafy suburbs somewhere they probably would get more attention and there'd more pressure to serve them, and that is a serious problem.

                        That means that we are losing out this whole pipeline of low income kids, minority kids who could be going to college, in selective colleges they'd be going into, are professions who could be leaders in our society, etc., etc. and we're losing them before they even get to high school. Because they are not getting access to gifted programs. They are not getting access to advanced classes. They don't get a chance to sit and be in a classroom with other high achievers where they can act smart and they can be pushed as hard as they can go and push fast. Again, all things that tend to happen were often in selected private schools or in the affluent suburbs.

Brandon:        When you have all those facts it's hard to argue with that's what it should be.

Mike:              Well, there are people out there who do it and you see it and it's subtle and it's even ... Look, on the reform side a lot of debate this week about New Orleans and what's happened after the 10 years, and whether there's these two systems.

                        I noticed some reporting about how there are still some selective magnet schools in New Orleans that there have been for a long time, selective admissions. Reformers just very casually criticize these schools as, "These are elitist schools. They're not serving everybody. They are hurting the cost of equity." What the? By law these are rich kids in New Orleans going to these schools. Rich kids in New Orleans go to private schools. These are poor kids who have academic promise, why do we think they don't deserve our attention and to be priorities? Drives us crazy.

Brandon:        Hopefully we can change that conversation.

Mike:              All right, Clara topic number three.

Clara:              The 2015 PDK/Gallup Poll results have revealed a divide between the opinions of white and minority parents when it comes to testing, standards, and common core. Why would Black and Hispanic parents be less likely to support something like the Opt-out Movement?

Mike:              You know Brandon, this is a very interesting development for somebody of my age, I can now remember when back in the 80's and even in the 90's there were still significant opposition to testing among minorities and among many of the traditional civil rights groups. That was why Checker's famous quote that always gets recycled that, "The problem with national testing is that Conservatives hate National and Liberals hate testing." Minorities as important block among Liberals were definitely in.

                        The worry was back in the day that test like the SAT were seen as barriers to advancement of minorities, that they looked at those achievement gaps and said, "Well, the test must be biased." Now suddenly though, there's been this big shift where they view test, at least test used to hold schools accountable and teachers accountable, as an important civil rights tool. Is that what's happening here?

Brandon:        It's obviously a kind of impossible to say exactly why there is this racial split but it seems like one of the possible or likely reasons for it is that these parents understand that these tests are important for the improvement of the education of their kids, a lot more so than the other groups. If they are aware of that then ... We have a colleague here on staff, who has talked about this and used it as an argument against opting out. That if these parents continued to do this who tend to be more affluent, this opting out harms these kids for whom the tests are meant.

Mike:              They harm the kids because we lose the access to information about how their schools are performing, and that information has been a powerful weapon in school improvement which I certainly buy. But you also see, we found this in the survey we did a couple of years ago, what parents want and we asked parents, really in a market research survey kind of way to tell us what they wanted from their schools. There was overwhelming agreement among all parents that they wanted strong basics, and they wanted character development, and they wanted strong math and science. All the normal things but then once you get past that there were some niches that came out of that.

                        It was true that minority parents were more likely to be test score hawks and be interested in seeing high test scores, again for the reasons you explained, Brandon, that they can't for granted that the school serving their kids is necessarily are getting high achievement.

                        You did see this block of parents who tended to be more affluent, tended to be more white, tended to be more liberal, that was a little bit, shall we say crunchier. Then we call them I think expressionists, very interested in art education for example. Again, that's fine but you do see these differences every ... Going way back decades you see these studies that show that when you have a system of school choice there is this group of sort of crunchy, liberal white parents that wants something kind of crunchy and liberal for their kids, and the testing thing doesn't seem to fit with that mold.

                        My own view is the best way to handle this is through school choice. Give those parents what they want. Allow them to have schools where they can have schools that have a less focus on the tests. They still got to take the test but if that school wants to ignore the test, do no test prep, don't worry about what the score say, that's fine. The answer is not to get rid of testing for everybody or to sabotage a system that is helping, especially foreign minority kids make tremendous progress over the last 20 years.

                        All right, that is all the time we've got for this week on Pardon the Gadfly. Now it's time for everyone's favorite Amber's Research Minute.

                        Amber, welcome back to the show.

Amber:           Thank you, Mike.

Mike:              Brandon and I are excited for the football season with our Michigan Wolverines. Who do you root? You root for ...

Amber:           Redskins even though it's really horrible to be a Redskins fan but RG3 I'm trying not to give up on you but it is tough.

Brandon:        Didn't he just get hurt? I feel like somebody told me that.

Mike:              He got a concussion.

Amber:           He's like the most injury prone guy ever.

Mike:              Didn't he also say he thought he was the best quarterback in the NFL?

Brandon:        I think he did say something like that.

Mike:              An opinion shared by ...

Brandon:        Nobody.

Mike:              Nobody.

Amber:           I like him cause he's humble. I think I missed that in the press.

Mike:              Maybe that was after he had the concussion that he said that maybe.

Brandon:        It was the last couple weeks, I think.

Amber:           It's over. I know he was booed the other day when we had that pre-games.

Brandon:        Getting booed at a pre-game.

Mike:              Let's face it the Redskins, they are cursed until they get rid of that bigoted name of theirs, Amber.

Amber:           Come on. We're not even going there.

Mike:              All right, what you got for us on education?

Amber:           All right, we've got a new working paper out by American University Public Policy Professor, that's tough, Seth Gershenson. I'm saying it because he's one of our EEPS. I'm giving a warm kudos.

Mike:              Yes, I love it.

Amber:           He examines whether a match of students and teachers by race has any effect on teacher expectations of students. For instance he looks at the impact of white teachers teaching black students versus white students and every possible race combination you can think of.

                        He uses nationally represented survey data from ELS 2002 which is Education Longitudinal Study. He's looking at US students who were in 10th grade in 2002 and two teachers, the students 10th grade math teacher and English teacher reported their expectations for each student's educational attainment, specifically whether they expected that student to complete less than high school, high school, on up to achieving more than a four year degree. There were over 16,000 student teacher matches and included all ton of demographic data about both the student and the teacher.

                        I'm going to give you just a little bit about the design because this is like a big deal they're finding and you want to say, "Is this for real or not?" They looked at ... Let's think about this, differences could be random if for instance they were just based on teachers unique interactions with that student, but if you keep seeing these differences systematically played out again and again and again relative to the demographic match, then you could suggest that teacher's beliefs could at least be partly explained by that child's demographics.

                        The case is made even stronger if you can rule out sorting, whereby for instance low ability math students might be routinely assigned to white math teachers. They do all these abracadabra in the methods and they're able to rule out systematic sorting because they've got some pretty robust demographic variables. The design is made even stronger when the teachers offer their assessment at the same point in time, which is what occurred here. It also builds on methodology that's been used in prior studies by other respected scholars. I really dug it in.

Mike:              All right.

Amber:           All right. All that to say -

Mike:              It is air tight.

Amber:           The key finding is that non-black teachers have significantly lower educational expectations for black students than do black teachers when evaluating the same students. For instance when a black student is evaluated by a black teacher and a non-black teacher, the latter is about 30% less likely to expect that student to complete a four year degree than the black teacher, and the effects are larger for black male students and math teachers.

                        Then you look at all the other combinations, which they do, and they say, "When you look at the average effects across all students there are small differences relative to these racial mismatches so to speak, but these small effects are mostly driven by this much larger effect among black students which I just told you about.

                        I don't know, at the end they're interviewed and they've been posting this on Chalkboard and some other sites, and they basically say that these biases and expectations are generally unintentional and, "An artifact of how students categorize complex information." That point again to the need for a more diverse teaching staff.

Mike:              All right, let me get this right, basically you could argue that it is then the white math teachers who are the most pessimistic especially when it comes to black males students, or on the flip side it would be what? Black English teachers who are the most optimistic.

Amber:           That's right.

Mike:              That's right.

Amber:           Yes, indeed.

Mike:              Were they able to say, "We followed the kids to know sort of who is right."

Amber:           No following in the study, no following.

Mike:              Wouldn't that be interesting to see, like who was right about how far they ended up going?

Amber:           Yes, because somebody ... That's the assumption going in, that one of these teachers is wrong.

Mike:              Right, and we could test that empirically, right?

Amber:           Yes.

Brandon:        Wouldn't some of the low expectations be self-fulfilling though? Like if everyone has them and that's all these kids face then they're not going to go that far?

Amber:           That's another study.

Mike:              I know, absolutely, but what they're saying here is they go into one classroom and somebody has high expectations for them or hopes for them and another one is lower. Let's imagine that it cancels out. I don't know if it does but, no, that's absolutely right but it would be interesting if we actually, the study follows these kids that eventually you could see how far did they get and know then.

Amber:           That’s right.

Mike:              In other words you could say, "Look, are these white math teachers, in fact racially biased, overly pessimistic, too many low expectations," which they maybe. What if it turns out there that they were right? It couldn't be self-fulfilling but they also could be, they're maybe good at math and they know the probability, they've seen the statistics, they are willing to be realistic about ... They know that when it comes to college readiness and completion, it's the math stuff that matters. Overwhelmingly the kids ending up in remedial education is for math, it's not for English.

Amber:           That's right. You know what I think? They were very even-handed and fair about how they explained it. They didn't just throw up their hands and say, "Oh, reasons I'm going on." Obviously, it was carefully done. Now it's like, "Okay, but does this really matter? Does it play out?" There've been other studies that obviously try to get into that black box as well, but this study was just able to look at these expectations and feels relative to their long-term educational prospect of graduating for college.

Brandon:        Loved it, by the way, this methodology of saying have two teachers examining the same kids is really smart and thoughtful.

Amber:           Apparently this was a Thom Dee which I had missed. It's not the one that we probably know about whether if you have a black teacher you could do better. It's another one he did relative to discipline where he was able to look at two teachers, same thing, expectations relative to this kid was going to be a discipline problem or not.

Mike:              Interesting.

Amber:           The pathology's been around.

Mike:              All right, way to go, Seth, and a member of our Emerging Education Policies Scholars Program, an initiative of Fordham's and American Enterprise Institute. By the way, we will be opening up nominations for the next round shortly.

Amber:           We will be. Good plug.

Mike:              This is for folks who are about to get their PhD's or recently got their PhD's in Education Policy and want to learn how to just not write studies that will end up in journals that nobody reads.

Amber:           Right, because we saw this one in a blog post.

Mike:              That's right but also try to have an influence on the public policy discussions.

Amber:           Yes.

Mike:              All right, good plug for that. All right, thank you Amber, thank you Brandon, that is all the time we've got for this week, until next week.

Brandon:        I'm Brandon Wright.

Mike:              I'm Mike Petrilli of Thomas B. Fordham Institute, signing off.

The greatest failing of education reformers in the U.S. this past quarter century has been their neglect of governance and structure—widely regarded either as politically impractical to touch or as too boring to get anyone interested. Yet the very structures and governance of our K–12 system often prevent other badly needed changes from taking place, enduring, or succeeding.

Recent months, however, have seen some cracks in the governance glacier with a spate of new books, articles, and conferences on the topic—meaning this set of reform challenges is no longer taboo to discuss or to tackle.

In an earnest effort to advance this crucial conversation, the Thomas B. Fordham Institute—in partnership with the Center for American Progress and the Brookings Institution Press—is pleased to present Education Governance for the Twenty-First Century: Overcoming the Structural Barriers to School Reform, edited by Paul Manna of the College of William and Mary and Patrick McGuinn of Drew University.

This important volume should be on the desk or bedside of every serious education reformer and policymaker in the land.

Featuring chapters by education scholars, analysts, and battle-scarred practitioners, it closely examines our present structures, identifies their failings, and offers some penetrating ideas for how governance might be done differently.

All serious reform victories begin with battles over ideas. In that spirit, we urge you to spend some quality time with this book. Overhauling our dysfunctional education-governance arrangements is a key priority for us at Fordham—and will inevitably loom among the hottest and most consequential issues for all serious reformers in the years to come.

A new study by economists at the Center for Household Financial Stability disseminates research on family savings and debt and finds that the attainment of a college education does not appear to “protect” the wealth of all American families equally.

This is a descriptive study that examines the income and wealth of different families and the stability (or lack thereof) of each. Analysts use survey data from the 2013 edition of the Survey of Consumer Finances.

First, the researchers found that college-educated families—meaning those in which the head of the household has a four-year college degree—earn significantly higher incomes than those headed by someone without a college degree (no surprise there). The median income among all families headed by a college graduate is 2.4 times greater than the median income among families headed by a non-college-graduate.

Second, the median wealth (the value of real estate and other assets) of all families headed by college graduates declined by 24 percent between 2007 and 2013 as a result of the prolonged recession; the decline among families without college degrees was much higher at 48 percent.

Third, higher education appears to protect wealth during rocky economic times, but mostly just among white and Asian families. Specifically, over the long term (from 1992 to 2013) the median net worth of families differed quite a bit by race. The net worth of white families led by college graduates rose about 86 percent over the two decades, while the net worth of college-educated Asians rose 90 percent. Yet the median net worth of black families led by college graduates dropped nearly 56 percent; the comparable figure was 27 percent for Hispanic families.

Fourth, analysts examined the typical debt-to-income (DTI) ratio for families in 2007, right before the Great Recession. The median DTI ratios among college-educated Hispanic and black families were far higher than for Asians or whites. The typical DTI for a college-educated black family was 140 percentage points higher than the typical DTI ratio of a non-college-educated black family. The comparable figure for Hispanics is one hundred points, and for whites fifty-four points.

Finally, the housing boom between 2007 and 2013 went extra poorly for minority families. Declines in the average value of homes among college-educated Hispanics and blacks were 45 and 51 percent respectively; the decline in average home value was 25 percent among college-educated white families.

The researchers posit that wise financial choices play a bigger role than income fluctuations when it comes to wealth. Yet in their estimation, “higher education alone cannot level the playing field.” That’s sobering news for all of us. 

SOURCE: William R. Emmons and Bryan J. Noeth, “Why Didn't Higher Education Protect Hispanic and Black Wealth?,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Issue 12 (August 2015).

Here’s a line that deserves to be committed to memory by all who would seek to improve literacy outcomes for children. Maybe it should be tattooed onto our flesh: 

“One striking fact is that the complex world of education—unlike defense, health care, or industrial production—does not rest on a strong research base. In no other field are personal experience and ideology so frequently relied on to make policy choices.”

That excellent observation, from a 1999 National Research Council paper, is quoted in this report from the Alliance for Excellent Education, The Next Chapter: Supporting Literacy Within ESEA. Author Mariana Haynes laments that literacy instruction in our schools “is not grounded in the science of reading development and learning.”  Another “striking fact” is that the Alliance’s report itself overlooks a great, glaring chunk of that science itself in making an otherwise unimpeachable case for research-based reading instruction. Writing in the Core Knowledge Blog, Lisa Hansel rightly observed that the report ignores the need for building broad academic knowledge across the curriculum as a means of raising reading achievement. “Like almost all discussions of literacy, the focus is on literacy instruction and reading and writing skills,” Hansel lamented. “If only such skills were sufficient!”

Indeed. The Alliance’s report is essentially an extended call for the adoption of something called the Literacy Education for All, Results for a Nation (LEARN) Act, which encourages the use “research-based strategies” to teach reading and writing. “Under LEARN, schools would develop students’ reading and writing proficiency by providing high-quality classroom literacy instruction as well as a continuum of interventions and support for students with or at risk for reading failure,” Haynes writes. Elements of LEARN are included in the Senate version of the current reauthorization of ESEA, she adds. 

The report notes that 60 percent of fourth and eighth graders struggle with reading in some manner, while nearly half of students of color and students from low-income families “enter fifth grade with skills below the basic level on NAEP.”  I’ll leave it to others to tell whether LEARN is the right lever to pull to raise literacy rates, especially among low-SES kids. But any report or legislation that purports to promote practice rooted in science—not preference or ideology—is duty-bound to note the strong evidence from cognitive science that correlates broad background knowledge with reading achievement. The Alliance’s report does no favors by eliding the need for a curriculum rich in science, history, and the arts (not as a nice bonus, but a foundational component) to build language proficiency, or merely assuming it’s a given. The report’s focus on the “skill” of literacy misses the mark. Broadly speaking, reading comprehension is not a skill you teach, it’s a condition you create.

SOURCE: Mariana Haynes, “The Next Chapter: Supporting Literacy Within ESEA,” Alliance for Excellent Education (August 2015).

In most states, only math and reading teachers in grades 4–8 receive evaluations based on value-added test results. For all other teachers, it’s on to Plan B. To evaluate these teachers, many districts are using alternative measures of student growth, which include vendor assessments (commercial, non-state exams) and student learning objectives (SLOs, or teacher-designed goals for learning). But how are these alternative measures being administered? What are their pros and cons? The research on this issue is terribly thin, but a new study from the Institute of Education Sciences casts an intriguing ray of light. Through in-depth interviews, the researchers elicited information on how eight mid-Atlantic districts (unnamed) are implementing alternative measures.

Here are the study’s four key takeaways: First, educators considered vendor assessments (with results analyzed through a form of value-added modelling) to be a fairer and more rigorous evaluation method than SLOs. Second, both alternative measures yielded greater variation in teacher performance than observational methods alone. Third, implementing SLOs in a consistent and rigorous manner was extremely difficult. In fact, the authors write, “All types of stakeholders expressed concern about the potential for some teachers to ‘game the system’ by setting easily attainable goals.” Fourth, the implementation of these alternative measures took a great amount of time and came at a financial cost. The costs related to time should be of particular concern to states wrestling with worries about over-testing.

So do the benefits outweigh the disadvantages? The authors don’t render judgment, but they raise enough concerns to make this reader think that alternative measures (especially SLOs) may not be worth all the effort.

SOURCE: Moira McCullough et al., Alternative Student Growth Measures for Teacher Evaluation: Implementation Experiences of Early-Adopting Districts (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Science, July 2015).